Stereotypes and Generalizations

Geri-Ann Galanti is a well-known expert in cultural competence who describes the difference between using stereotypes versus generalizations in interpersonal interactions. These differences are relevant to the process of identifying candidates for genetic testing, discussing testing options, and communicating genetic test results. Dr. Galanti describes stereotypes as ending points, as they stifle the health care provider’s interactions with culturally diverse clients. For example, a genetic counselor may realize that none of the Hispanic women she counseled in the past year underwent diagnostic testing. The counselor might then assume that Hispanic women in general are not interested in diagnostic testing options. Therefore, the counselor glosses over these options with her Hispanic clients. In this example, the counselor’s assumptions hinder the care she provides. The counselor hasn’t explored individual client preferences and her Hispanic clients haven’t been given full information.

In contrast, a counselor can use generalizations about a person’s country of origin, religion, or other factors to create a new beginning. The counselor can use this general information as a platform for further inquiry and exploration of each client’s unique perspectives, preferences, values and beliefs.

The distinction between using stereotypes and generalizations is particularly important when working with culturally diverse clients, but it applies to all interactions. See the following link to read more from Dr. Galanti’s excellent book, Caring for Patients from Different Cultures

By using generalizations as a knowledge base, the counselor is empowered to make culturally-sensitive educated guesses. The counselor should ask if certain specific values, beliefs or practices that she has learned about apply to this client. The counselor’s inquiries should be genuine, humble, and tentative. If the genetic counselor feels he/she may offend the client by bringing up certain topics, a statement of full disclosure can preface the discussion. “I understand that not all the testing options may seem appropriate for your circumstance, but it is my job to make sure you are fully aware of all your options before making any decisions. If any test option is definitely not an option, please let me know and I can limit the discussion of it” (Veach et al., 2003).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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